Abstract: Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic studies on germplasms are essential for conservation and utility maximization of natural resources as well as identification of unique species and exploration of new horizons for the tea industry. Recent developments in bioinformatics and biotechnology have greatly advanced the genetic analysis and function annotation of organisms. With insights at molecular level, significant in-depth understandings on agronomic traits, taxonomy classification, and existing resources as well as effective conservation, breeding, and utilization of tea germplasms are being materialized. For instance, transcriptomics, metabolomics, genomics, and other multi-omics datasets have helped identify superior functional genes with target loci for precise breeding. Based upon the information on quantitative trait loci (QTL) and that obtained from genome wide association studies (GWAS), mechanisms associated with and variations on phenotype, quality, and stress resistance of a tea plant can be obtained for further research endeavors. And the marker-assisted selection (MAS) as well as genetic and cell engineering techniques also offer unprecedented venues for new variety breeding with markedly increased predictable outcomes. This article comprehensively reviews publications related to the abovementioned advancements and presents suggestions that might be of interest to the scientists and tea industry. It was conceivable that, through the application of continuously evolving knowledge and technical innovations, identification and preservation of valuable tea germplasms will become increasingly effective and commonly available.